Pick a negative and positive electrolyte, tune the cell, and read the specs — voltage, energy density, current, round-trip efficiency — the way an engineer would size a flow battery. Companion read: how vanadium flow batteries actually work →
Every voltage reading above comes straight from this. Each half-cell is written as a reduction; the cell voltage is the positive electrode's potential minus the negative electrode's. Proton/water stoichiometry is omitted from the reaction line for clarity — the electron count and the math both stay exact.
The chemistry sets the ceiling; the hardware decides how much of it you actually get. These choices feed the polarization curve below — resistance, crossover, and catalytic activity all move real numbers.
Away from equilibrium, three loss terms eat into the OCV as current rises: activation overpotential (charge-transfer kinetics, via the symmetric Butler-Volmer form η = (RT/αnF)·asinh(i/2i₀)), ohmic loss (i·ASR, from the membrane and electrolyte), and concentration overpotential (mass transport, blowing up near the limiting current iL). The marker sits at your Current Density slider's operating point.